The Hero and the Saint Paul and Augustine - 656 Words

The Hero and the Saint: Paul and Augustine The idea of the hero in Greco-Roman culture was integrated into the idea of the saint (in the process of conversion and totalization) by way of Christianitys adoption of and ancestry in the Greco-Roman culture. As Professor Ambrosio indicates, The need and the search for meaning is shared by all human beings (Hero or Saint Saul of Tarsus). Thus, it is no surprise to find that a pagan Greco-Roman title is applicable to a Christian whose virtue is viewed as greater than that of ordinary men just as the hero is viewed as greater (in fame, bravery, strength) than ordinary men. The fact that two of early Christianitys most heroic figures (St. Paul and St. Augustine) were Roman makes this integration even less surprising. This paper will discuss the way in which the hero is integrated into the idea of the saint by comparing Saul of Tarsus with Augustine of Hippo two men who underwent a conversion and rose to heroic or saintly heights in terms of Christian virtue. Professor Ambrosio asserts that Sauls vision establishes a direct connection between Pauls question, Who are you, Lord? and Jesus as the one who is being persecuted in the person of those who have faith in Him (Hero or Saint Saul of Tarsus). This direct connection is what ultimately helps transform Saul into Paul a new man. Christianity, in other words, is the religion of throwing off the old man and putting on the new. The new, of course, is Christ which is whyShow MoreRelatedSecular Sanctity and the Meaning of Life3110 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿The Meaning of Life Introduction The secular saint, like the hero saint, is motivated by love. While Augustine tells us that the hero saint is moved by love for God, the secular saint as the humanist thinkers of our modern age assert is moved by love for self and/or fellow man. Thus, love appears to be at the heart of the meaning of life. Throughout history love has been given many different names. For the pagan Greeks, there was eros (erotic or sexual love), agape (spiritual love), and phileosRead MoreSt.Jerome Essay4572 Words   |  19 PagesJeromes Vulgate, all Latin translations of the  Old Testament  were based on the Septuagint not the Hebrew. Jeromes decision to use a Hebrew text instead of the previous translated Septuagint went against the advice of most other Christians, including  Augustine, who thought the Septuagint inspired. Modern scholarship, however, has cast doubts on the actual quality of Jeromes Hebrew knowledge. Many modern scholars believe that the GreekHexapla  is the main source for Jeromes iuxta Hebraeos translationRead MoreDr Martin Luther King Jrs Influence on the Social and Political Culture of the Country2658 Words   |  11 PagesIn the letter, Kings arguments are air tight. King refers to Christian saints like Augustine to prove his case and highlight the un-Christian nature of racism. King also compares himself to Paul, who is widely credited with the creation of the religion of Christianity (as opposed to Christs own reformulation of Gods spiritual covenant with humanity). In the letter from Birmingham jail, King writes, just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to theRead MoreVan Gogh And His Works2225 Words   |  9 Pagesto Arles in 1888, where he wanted to start a colony of artists who would all live and create together (Department of European Paintings). This community did not actually come together because no one went to work with van Gogh. However, Vincent’s hero Paul Gauguin did visit a nd work with him. When van Gogh heard of this news, he became excited and optimistic. In preparation for Gauguin’s visit, he created a series of bright yellow sunflower paintings. It was his intention to decorate Gauguin’s roomRead MoreAwareness6564 Words   |  27 PagesScientific Research Fund (FNRS) and Ph.D. candidate at the Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium. 2 Paul Ricoeur, Memory, History, Forgetting, transl. Kathleen Blamey and David Pellauer (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2004) pp. 96-120. 1 subjective experience and memories belong to the individual, helping to build identity by differentiating this individual from others. As Augustine pointed out, the notion of reflexivity thus lies at the root of memory.3 The development of thisRead MoreExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 Pages The existentialists, however, are aware of the necessity of their independance. They may still visit their parents, but not with such routine or need. As British writer  Anita Brookner  put it: * Existentialism is about being a saint without God; being your own hero, without all the sanction and support of religion or society. * Existentialism can exist within and outside of religious context because it focuses on the individual within the concepts of human nature and the struggle for lifeRead Moresecond sex Essay13771 Words   |  56 Pagesof their own; and they have no such solidarity of work and interest as that of the proletariat. They are not even promiscuously herded together in the way that creates community feeling among the American Negroes, the ghetto Jews, the workers of Saint-Denis, or the factory hands of Renault. They live dispersed among the males, attached through residence, housework, economic condition, and social standing, to certain men ? fathers or husbands ? more firmly than they are to other women. If theyRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesdepend on—are contingent on— characteristics of the external environment in which the organization operates. Another milestone in management theory was the development of contingency theory in the 1960s by Tom Burns and G. M. Stalker in Britain and Paul Lawrence and Jay Lorsch in the United States.43 The crucial message of contingency theory is that there is no one best way to organize: The organizational structures and the control systems that managers choose depend on—are contingent on—characteristics

Definition and Examples of Descriptive Grammar

The term descriptive grammar refers to an objective, nonjudgmental description of the grammatical constructions in a language. Its an examination of how a language is actually being used, in writing and in speech. Linguists who specialize in descriptive grammar examine the principles and patterns that underlie the use of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. In that respect, the adjective descriptive is a bit misleading as descriptive grammar provides an analysis and explanation of a languages grammar, not simply a description of it. How Experts Define Descriptive Grammar Descriptive grammars  do not give advice: They detail the ways in which  native speakers  use their language. A descriptive grammar is a survey of a language. For any living language, a descriptive grammar from one century will differ from a descriptive grammar of the next century because the language will have changed.—From In An Introduction to Language by Kirk Hazen Descriptive grammar is the basis for  dictionaries, which record changes in  vocabulary  and  usage, and for the field of  linguistics, which aims at describing languages and investigating the nature of language.—From Bad Language by Edwin L. Battistella Contrasting Descriptive and Prescriptive Grammar Descriptive grammar is more a study in the why and how of language, while prescriptive  grammar deals with the strict rules of right and wrong required for language to be considered grammatically correct.  Prescriptive grammarians—such as most editors of nonfiction and teachers—do their darndest to enforce the rules of â€Å"correct† and â€Å"incorrect† usage. Says author Donald G. Ellis, All languages adhere to syntactical rules of one sort or another, but the rigidity of these rules is greater in some languages. It is very important to distinguish between the syntactical rules that govern a language and the rules that a culture imposes on its language. He explains that this is the distinction between descriptive and prescriptive grammar. Descriptive grammars are essentially scientific theories that attempt to explain how language works. Ellis admits that human beings were using language in a variety of forms long before there were linguists using descriptive grammar around to formulate any rules about how or why they were speaking as they did. On the other hand, he likens prescriptive grammarians to the stereotypical uptight high school English teachers who prescribe, like medicine for what ails you, how you ought to speak.   Examples of Descriptive and Prescriptive Grammar To illustrate the difference between descriptive and prescriptive grammar, lets look at the sentence: I aint going nowhere. Now, to a descriptive grammarian, theres nothing wrong with the sentence because its being spoken by someone who is using the language to construct a phrase that has meaning for someone else who speaks the same language. To a prescriptive grammarian, however, that sentence is a virtual house of horrors. First, it contains the word aint, which strictly speaking (and we must be strict if were prescriptive) is slang. So, although youll find aint in the dictionary, as the adage says, Aint aint a word. The sentence also contains a double negative (aint and nowhere) which just compounds the atrocity. Simply having the word  aint  in the dictionary is a further illustration of the difference between the two types of grammar. Descriptive grammar notes the words use in the language, pronunciation, meaning, and even etymology—without judgment, but in prescriptive grammar, the use of aint is just plain wrong—especially in formal speaking or writing. Would a descriptive grammarian ever say something was ungrammatical? Yes. If someone utters a sentence using words or phrases or construction that as a native speaker they would never even think of putting together. For instance, a native English speaker wouldnt start a sentence with two query words—as in, Who where are you going?—because the result would be unintelligible as well as ungrammatical. Its one case in which the descriptive and prescriptive grammarians would actually agree. Sources Hazen, Kirk. An Introduction to Language. John Wiley, 2015Battistella, Edwin L. Bad Language: Are Some Words Better than Others? Oxford University Press,  Aug 25, 2005Ellis, Donald G. From Language to Communication. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999

Short Story - 1412 Words

Title- What’s lurking beside the glaring fire? 1895- England A loud thud came from the prison cell next to me. As I walked closer, I saw a large, muscular man run out of his cell, carrying a pistol. I ran to my coworker, who was laying on the ground, covering his lower abdomen. He moved his hand, and there I saw, two bullet holes, lodged through the skin and bones. I was frozen. â€Å"Should I help my comrade, or should I go after the criminal?† This one thought came running through my brain. I couldn’t decide. By the time I made up my mind, the criminal was probably half- way across the countryside. I ran to my fallen comrade. His body was as cold as ice, with blood splattered across his stomach. I sat there, feeling sorrowful for my lost†¦show more content†¦About half the logs were starting to deteriorate, or had been deteriorating for a while now. I walked onto the lowest step, and sluggishly walked onto the front porch. There sat two wooden rocking chairs, with piles of dust laying across the surfaces. I walked towards the door, as my heart started pumping louder than I’ve ever heard it pump before. I grabbed the handle, forgetting to knock. It was unlocked, (which didn’t quite surprise me.) The door slowly opened, with a long, eerie creak. As I walked forward, a thought of doubt came racing through my mind. I ignored my warning, and walked into the wooden cabin. The room I walked into was pitch black. I moved my hands across every surface, looking for a light of some sort. There I found a small, metal lantern. I picked it up, and turned it on. A Yellow glow came from the lantern. Not enough light to see everything around me, but enough light to see where I was heading to. I strolled further into the cabin. While walking, I could hear faint, yet noticeable whispers behind me. I ignored these whispers, trying to think of any reasonable cause of this sound. The farther I walked, the louder the whispers became. Soon enough, the whispers turned into every cry of displeasure and anger. The feelings of being perplexed and muddled soon turned into the feelings of fear and terror. I started scampering across the wooden floor, hearing the loud whispers behind me become more violent and unbearable. InShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

College Education Is Worth The Cost - 846 Words

Many recent college graduates have faced record levels of unemployment. This situation has lead people to question what they value about higher education. Some high school students and their parents are wondering if a college education is worth the cost. Others, however, believe that a college prepares students for more than just a job or career. Many people then present the counter argument that people like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, and Mark Zuckerberg did not have a college degree, but unlike them most people are not geniuses and do not have the same entrepreneurial opportunities available to them, let alone the innovative ideas and proper timing. A college education is worth the cost because it is a requirement for many jobs, college graduates make substantially more than high school graduates, and college provides more opportunities for personal growth and networking. Many jobs recently are requiring people to have at least a bachelor’s degree to even consider someone for a position. Now jobs are beginning to want people who have a master’s degree instead; for example â€Å"between 1973 and 2008, the share of jobs in the U.S. economy which required postsecondary education increased from 28 percent to 59 percent. According to our projections, the future promises more of the same. The share of postsecondary jobs will increase from 59 to 63 percent over the next decade† (Carnevale, pg 1). With that being said it seems more important know than ever for people to have a collegeShow MoreRelatedIs A College Education Worth The Cost?1283 Words   |  6 PagesIs a College Education Worth the Cost? Have you ever just stopped to think about what it must be like to be â€Å"qualified† for a job yet be unemployed and homeless? Starving on the streets because you paid everything you had to an institution that was supposed to guarantee a better life, a more stable and successful career. Obviously this is an extreme case, not everyone who pays for college ends up living on the streets and broke, but almost every college graduate is in debt. For as long as collegeRead MoreCollege Education Worth The Cost960 Words   |  4 Pages College Education Worth the Cost What you guys think does College Education Worth the Cost? In the article â€Å"The Wall Street Journal† edited by Riley, she said that a college education does not worth the cost. Again, she claims that most of the colleges are doing their business, they did not care about the student (Riley). Those types of colleges have lack serious core curriculum, they did not know their responsibility towards the student. Moreover, I willRead MoreCollege Education Is Worth The Cost Of College926 Words   |  4 Pagesidea that they will go to college. However, few individuals take the time to think about the essence of a college education. For some people college education is worth it whiles for others it may not be worth the cost. General assumption of not making it to college and still making it in life has now become a wise saying for desperate people who have decided to chase money but not a career. A recent study emphasized that one can eventually make it without going to college b ut how many people do makeRead MoreCollege Education Is Worth The Cost892 Words   |  4 PagesCollege Education In the article written by Rodney K.Smith he puts forward a clear argument about â€Å"Yes, a College Education is Worth the Cost.† There are more opportunities and doors open for those with higher education compared to those without. Higher education allows people to live in better neighborhoods; it brings financial security and stability. Financially secured people not only are able to afford extracurricular activities for their kids, such as sports, music lessons, art, dancing etcRead MoreIs College Education Worth The Cost For Students?1385 Words   |  6 PagesThe value of a college education is a topic that strikes debates across the nation. People wonder if the debt and time will be worth in helping them obtain a career to pay off the debt and generate a larger income for themselves than if they did not have a four-plus year college degree. My whole life, I have always valued a college education. At the same time, I know that the higher education is not as important to others. I never understood why someone does not want to obtain a college degree, butRead MoreAffordability Of Our Education : Is A College Education Worth The Cost?1729 Words   |  7 PagesSylvia Ikharo Comp 1101 March 15, 2016 Affordability of our Education Every working American family knows how hard it is today to find affordable higher education. As of the past few decades the tuition fee for most public and private colleges increased by 250 percent while income increased by 16 percent (Politico, 2013). The statistics have since then become a trend that has now evolved each year, hence; making it difficult for parents to send their children to school that can cause themRead More`` Yes A College Education Is Worth The Cost `` By Rodney Smith914 Words   |  4 PagesIn his essay, â€Å"Yes a College Education is Worth the Cost,† writer Rodney Smith discusses how students of this generation don’t care about receiving a great education for the future. Throughout his essay he explains how a college education is worth the cost. He stated that people between the ages of 18-34 say they would much rather get a job and make money than spend money to go back to school to obtain a higher degree. Smith’s family grew u p in Oklahoma and they viewed education as an investment. SmithRead MoreA College Education Is Worth The Costs `` By Rodney K. Smith800 Words   |  4 PagesIn USA Today essay, Yes, â€Å"A College Education Is Worth The Costs†, writer Rodney K. Smith begins his essay by painting a very vivid picture of a student in debt, and angry about his lack of job. Coming from a family that values education, the writer stands for pursuing knowledge in order to succeed in life. With this believes, the writer’s purpose for this essay is to reassure and reinforce the necessity of education in life. Smith hopes he can help push people to go to school, and have a good careerRead MoreEducation Is The Greatest Concern For Most Scholars Essay1480 Words   |  6 Pagesdue to low levels of education. Therefore another justification for the cost of education to be worth what is generated in return is the benefits that the higher education brings to the community at large. The college educ ation does not only involve the academic works, but it also involves teaching the students the social aspects that are very important for the development of the society. They are taught how useful they can be in the society (Kantrowitz 799). As part of education, the students are taughtRead MoreIs College Still A Good Investment?958 Words   |  4 PagesIn Does College Still Pay, Lisa Barrow explores that even though the college tuition costs are increasing rapidly, is college still a good investment. Barrow states that college still worth wild and there is no evidence of a downward trend to students attending college due to increasing college tuition. Barrow also claims that by getting a bachelor s degree today, a college student can expect to regain all of their investments they have put towards their education within 10 years after graduation

Community Management and Organization

Question: Describe the various aspects of the independent pharmacy in an Adelaide hills town. Answer: Introduction This paper describes the various aspects of the independent pharmacy in an Adelaide hills town. The objective is to evaluate the depth analysis of the pharmacist-in-charge (PIC) in an independent pharmacy. It enables to determine the worlplace health sales, teams, leadership, marketing, motivation and creativity in an independent pharmarcy. Part A: Workplace health and safety: An independent pharmacy in an Aldelaide hills town is affected with the several aspects of the market condition. Different staff and customer have a different criteria to protect itself from the independent pharmacy. (Carter Slack 2010). These are the separated measurement of the staff and customer of an independent pharmacy that is described below: Staff workplace health and safety: The staff health and safety measurement is followed by these points such as understand the risk, reduce stress in workplace, avoid stopping, protect your back body part, stay sober and wear protective equipment in an independent pharmacy company in an Adelaide hills town. (Chisholm-Burns, Vaillancourt Shepherd 2012). An independent pharmacy staff should understand the potential risk in it and try to find out optimum benefit of it. Staff should reduce the work stress due to long hours, job insecurity, heavy workload and conflict with coworkers or bosses. An independent pharmacy staff should design erogonomically designed furniture to get workplace health and safety. Staff should protect your body from heavy equipment of the pharmacy in Australian regions. Alcohol and drugs are the reason for the workplace fatalities in an Adelaide hills town. An independent pharmacy staff should wear protective equipment in wokplace to protect itself. Australia is w ell developed country that protect their workplace health and safety in an independent pharmacy in Adelaide hills town. An independent pharmacy should provide staff friendly environment for the organization that protect from contingency situation in the market. (Waterson 2014). Customer workplace health and safety: The customer health and safety measure in an independent pharmacy is applied by such points stay in queue, reach at time and follow the rules. An independent pharmacy customer in Adeliade hills town should stay in queues, when he want medicine for their specific disease that would save the time and protect the health. Customer should reach at pharmancy store on time because each pharmacy has specific time to open and close in particular day. (Waterson 2014). Customer should follow the rules of an independent pharmacy in Adelaide hills town such as avoid medicine after expire date. It will protect customer health in the workplace, when they takes a treatment in the pharmacy that located in an Adelaide hills town. Pharmacy school is teaching student that how to protect health and safety in workplace of an independent pharmacy in an Adeliade hills town. They trained pharmacists, those are engaged in pharmaceuticals, production, storage and drugs sup pliers. Customer should aware with old stock of medicine. Different patients bought a different kinds of medicion from the independent pharmacy store in an Adelaide hills town. (Taylor Harding 2013). Teams: Team cohesiveness is a large instrumental that contains sections of brass, woodwind and string instruments. Each of these instruments can produce a pleasant and unique sound. The same principle applies in groups such as groups should have cohesion, truly effective and member work together to work something special. (Burns Grove 2010). These are the several way to raise the team cohesiveness in an independent pharmacy that is described below: Regular meeting: It is the significant way to pharmacy employees to conduct meeting regular basis to understand their issue that provide an appropriate solution to reduce the issue in pharmacist in an Adelaide hills town. An Adelaide hills town pharmacy has five assistance. So, they need to conduct meeting to share their opinion with each others that would raise the quality of the pharmacy in an Adelaide hills town area. Employees meeting in pharmacy can help to new staff members to get know everyone. (Kalsekar, Sheehan Peak 2007). Employees of the pharmacy can discuss regarding the various kinds of medicine that how to protect from expire date and how to distribute in the market before expire date. So, patients can get more benefit from fresh product of medicine. Regular meetting could share their experience about the pharmacy industry in an Adelaide hills town because it helps to judge the temperature criteria that will help to judge which medicines are an appropriate for producti on purpose in this area. Different medicine requires a different kinds of temperature. So, it would be beneficial to share their experience about the last job. (Chisholm-Burns, Vaillancourt Shepherd 2012). Host celebrations: It can make pharmacy more special and welcoming work environment. Pharmacy reached the specific goal. Then, it would be beneficial for the employee life events. The celebration is necessary for the staff of the pharmacy that raise the team cohesiveness. (Carter Slack 2010). Create environment to work together with all assistance of pharmacy that would be more enjoyful for the employees lifestyle. It creates a proper working environment where employees will produce high productivity as compared to other pharmacy organization. (Kalsekar, Sheehan Peak 2007). Group training: It provides training to pharmacy staff to raise the skills to handle the different kinds of medicine manufacturing in an Adelaide hills town. All five assistance of the pharmacy would get training to provide better output from the market. Pharmacy organization requires a different kinds of the training program that would be helpful to achieve its objective or goals in the current competitive market. (Taylor Harding 2013). Different department requires a different kinds of skills and abilities to handle the manufacturing process of the pharmacy organization. It is becoming an essential part in the current competitive market because it requires a lot of efforts to trained employees as per their requirements. (Chisholm-Burns, Vaillancourt Shepherd 2012). Leadership: As pharmacist-in-charge (PIC) in Alberton pharmacy and Aldgate pharmacy, we develop a charismatic leadership style to lead the staff through including five assistancts such as Luke. Charismatic style is the significant to lead the Alberton and Aldgate pharmacy staff in Australia. It provides base for innovation and creativity. We lead the employees through maintain employee support, provide a good example of the leadership, develops an improved work environment and offer growth opportunity in Alberton and Aldgate pharmacy near location of an Adelaide hills town. (Babar 2014). It has some limitation that interrupts the charismatic style such as risk of lack of clarity, lack of successors and negative perception the leader. In spite of the several limitation, it is developing to leads employees of the Alberton and Aldgate pharmacy. Luke as assistant of the pharmacy is also helpful to develop the charismatic style to achieve the pharmacy objective or goals. Charismatic leade r would motivate employees from his skills and abilities. Staffs feel that their opinion and concern matter under this types of leadership. Charismatic leadership style has trickle-down effect on the pharmacy, where employees will take management optimism. Trait of charismatic leader helps to achieve the pharmacy goals and lead to employees of the Alberton and Aldgate pharmacy. Luke is one of the best assistance of the five assistance of the pharmacy. Luke has skills and abilities to achieve the Alberton and Aldgate pharmacy objectives. (Taylor Harding 2013). Further, charismatic leadership style is the significant way to lead employees by the skills and abilities of the Luke assistance in the Alberton and Aldgate pharmacy. (Hattingh, Low Forrester 2013). Marketing: Marketing is the significant tools that would helps pharmacy to select and raise their sales in the market. These are the reason behind to choose an Adelaide hills town pharmacy that is described below: Location: An Adelaide hills town is located in South Australia that would be beneficial for the organization growth and development because it has a good location for environment perspective. It has cold environment that would be beneficial for the medicine production in the market as compared to others pharmacy. (Carter Slack 2010). Environment plays the significant factor in the pharmacy firm because medicine requires cold environment to protect from germs, It is located near the hills that have a lot of an ingredient. It is beneficial for the pharmacy to get a raw material from near location that would reduce the cost of it. A low cost medicines attracts the dealer of it. Those dealer buy medicines in the high quantity that would prefer to buy from an Adelaide hills town because it provides low price medicines in the current competitive market. (Babar 2014). Competition level: It is the significant reason behind to choose an Adelaide hills town. Some other pharmacy are raised the quality of the medicine that located at end of the town. Competition is the part of the every independent pharmacy. (Veatch Haddad 2010). Pharmacy industry requires competition that builds the brand image of it as compared to others person. Five assistances of the pharmacy will raise the competition because they have experience from different area that would be beneficial for the organization growth and development. (Grenville 2015). Varieties of medicines: An Adelaide hills town pharmacy provides varieties of the medicines that is the main reason behind to choose it as compared to other organization. Liquid, tablet, capsules, topical medicines and drop are the significant types of the medicines. Due to varieties, it can be able to satisfied the all kinds of customer in the market. (Taylor Harding 2013). Tested medicines: It provides the testing before the launch medicines in the market that helps to customers. It is tested in the laboratory that how much risk involved in the medicines when it would be used by customers. An Adelaide hills town pharmacy is following the testing procedure for the medicines that define the risk and benefit of it. (Babar 2014). Motivation: As pharmacist-in-charge (PIC), we would use Lucke goal-setting model to motivate Luke through determination of the benefit of the Lucke goal-setting model in the pharmacy. It presented the clear goals and appropriate feedback to motive Luck as assistant of the pharmacy. The Lucke model presented that difficult and specific goal is harder for employees to achieve organization objectives or goals. (Grenville 2015). It is the significant component of personal development of Luck skills and abilities. Luke bored to chat with the female in routine assistance of dispensary product. So, Luke felt little nervous about female assistance. But, it is the good way to motives Luck that Lucke goal-setting will help to encourage them and it will help that how to handle this situation for the motivation. (Burns Grove 2010). Creativity: Creativity is known as generate ideas, alternatives and possibility that useful in solving problems with others and entertaining ourselves in the market. (Grenville 2015). These are the significant way to raise the creative thinking skills in staff that is described below: Train staff in innovation techniques: Pharmacy should train the staff in innovation methods that would be beneficial for the organization growth and development. Pharmacy can conduct training programs in formal methods such as mind-mapping worthwhile, brainstorming and lateral thinking. (Grenville 2015). An Adelaide hills town pharmacy should provide training programs to aware their staff with their innovative methods medicines manufacturing in the firm. It is one of the significant ways to raise the creative thinking abilities in staffs. (Nimmo 2010). Be supportive: Pharmacy should provide full support to their staff because it raises the creative thinking in their mind. So, staff could suggest some innovative idea in the mind. Supportive behavior raise the staff skills and abilities in the pharmacy firm. It is the significant way to raise the staff innovation in the pharmacy in an Adelaide hills town. (Waterson 2014). Tolerate mistake: An Adelaide hills town pharmacy should tolerate mistakes, if they desire creativity thinking in their staffs. If the pharmacy firm will raise mistake in their staff constantly. Then, it would be negative for the pharmacy growth and development. Everyone human does mistake in their business life. So, if the pharmacy will focus on their mistake. Then, it would be negative for the organizations growth and development. (Nimmo 2010). Act on an idea: It is useful in pharmacy, if it is an actionable at the movement because it raise the employees moral and confidence in the pharmacy firms. The pharmacy should provide time to raise the idea worth action upon. If you fail, it doesnt mean that your firm will fail to get innovative idea. The pharmacy will support in the staff innovative idea. Then, it would be beneficial for the organization growth and development. (Waterson 2014). Make time for brainstorming: An Adelaide hills town pharmacy should give time for brainstorming because it raises an efficiency of the staff in the pharmacy. A group engaged in brainstorming in a specific session is more effective than the sum of its parts. Individual staff can fit with each other such as testing, refining ideas and exploring. (Veatch Haddad 2010). Reward creativity: Pharmacy should provide reward system who creates an innovation idea for it. It is the significant way to raise the staff skills and abilities through rewards system. The reward should be different as per staff creativity of the idea and how much useful in the pharmacy firm. (Grenville 2015). The pharmacy provides rewards system to raise the employees moral and confidence that they will get more benefit, if they will do work hard in the production, marketing and technical department of the organization. It is the significant way to raise the creative idea of employees. (Nimmo 2010). Provide the importance of creativity: It is another significant way to raise the employees skills and abilities in pharmacy. An Adelaide hills town pharmacy should provide the importance of staff creativity that would raise the employees moral and confidence to create more innovation idea. Employees desire moral support from the pharmacy top management regarding innovative ideas. Out of them, one would be useful for the pharmacy growth and development. (Nimmo 2010). Part B: In this part, we will provide rank for six skills that is good for pharmacist. It is the following way to provide rank skills part such as workplace health and safety because employee want job and health security before join any organization. So, we will give first rank to workplace helath and safety. We will provide second rank to team skills because employees have to work in a team to run their business in the competitive market. We will provide third rank to leadership skills because it helps to lead the team that how to achieve the organization objective or goals. (Lacher 2008). We will provide fourth rank to marketing because helps to sales to the organization product or service that is possible after the good leaderhip in organization. We will provide fifth rank to motivatation skills that helps to raise employees confidence and moral that is significant for the organization growth. Last, we will provide six rank to creativity skills that is possible after the motivation of the employees. If employees are motivated then they will try to create something new in the organization that would be beneficial for the organization growth and success. (Hattingh, Low Forrester 2013). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that clear workplace health sales, teams, leadership, marketing, motivation and creativity as well as high ability to adopt the new approaches in an independent pharmacy in an Adelaide hills town helps to survive in the current competitive market. Alberton pharmacy and Aldgate are the fast growing pharmacy in an Adelaide hills town due to their unique features to leads the employees. The Luckes goal-setting model is helpful to motivate the Luck lifestyle in the pharmacy. References Babar, Z, 2014, Pharmaceutical Prices in the 21st Century, Springer, New York. Banks, G, 2004, The good, the bad and the ugly: economic perspectives on regulation in Australia, Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy, 23(1), pp.22-38. Benrimoj, SI, and Frommer, MS, 2004, Community pharmacy in Australia, Australian Health Review, 28(2), pp.238-246. Burns, N, Grove, SK, 2010, Understanding Nursing Research: Building an Evidence-Based Practice, Elsevier Health Sciences, Melbourne. Carter, J, Slack, M, 2010, Pharmacy in Public Health: Basics and Beyond, ASHP, Melbourne. Chisholm-Burns, MA, Vaillancourt, AM, Shepherd, M, 2012, Pharmacy Management, Leadership, Marketing, and Finance, Jones Bartlett Publishers, Melbourne. Domitru, D, 2008, The Pharmacy Informatics Primer, ASHP, Melbourne. Donato, R, MARCH, G, MOSS, J, and GILBERT, A, 2001, Cost implications of the delivery of pharmaceutical care services through Australian community pharmacies, International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 9(1), pp.23-30. Doucette, WR, Kreling, DH, Schommer, JC, Gaither, CA, Mott, DA, and Pedersen, CA, 2006, Evaluation of community pharmacy service mix: evidence from the 2004 National Pharmacist Workforce Study, Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 46(3), pp.348-355. Feletto, E, Wilson, LK, Roberts, AS, and Benrimoj, SI, 2010, Building capacity to implement cognitive pharmaceutical services: quantifying the needs of community pharmacies, Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 6(3), pp.163-173. Grenville, K, 2015, One Life: My Mother's Story, Canongate Books, Sydney. Hattingh, L, Low, JS, Forrester, K, 2013, Australian Pharmacy Law and Practice, Elsevier Health Sciences, New York. Kalsekar, I, Sheehan, C, Peak, A, 2007, Utilization patterns and medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes: variations based on type of pharmacy (chain vs independent), Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 3(4), pp.378-391. Knox, M, 2015, Supermarket Monsters: The Price of Coles and Woolworths' Dominance, Black Inc., Sydney. Lacher, BL, 2008, Pharmaceutical Calculations for the Pharmacy Technician, Lippincott Williams Wilkins, New Jersey. McMillan, SS., Wheeler, AJ, Sav, A, King, MA, Whitty, JA, Kendall, E, and Kelly, F, 2013, Community pharmacy in Australia: a health hub destination of the future, Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 9(6), pp.863-875. Nimmo, CM, 2010, Staff Development for Pharmacy Practice, ASHP, Melbourne. Spooner, JJ, 2008, A bleak future for independent community pharmacy under Medicare Part D, Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy, 14(9), pp.878-881. Taylor, MG, Harding, G, 2013, Pharmacy Practice, CRC Press, New York. Thomas, RG, 2014, Independent Pharmacy, Trafford Publishing, Melbourne. Troy, DB, Beringer, P, 2006, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams Wilkins, New York. Veatch, R, Haddad, A, 2010, Case Studies in Pharmacy Ethics, Oxford University Press, New York. Waterson, P, 2014, Patient Safety Culture: Theory, Methods and Application, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., Melbourne. Zentz, LC, 2014, Delmar's Pharmacy Technician Certification Exam Review, Cengage Learning, New York.

Maternal Mortality and Maternal Morbidity †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Maternal Mortality and Maternal Morbidity. Answer: Introduction Maternal mortality these are death that occur on women during child births. This occurs within 42 days but less than a year after conceiving. Maternal morbidity refers to complications which develop during pregnancy and after child birth. They mainly affect the well being and the health of a woman. Statistics have indicated that 1 out of 6 women dies due the same in the developing world, while as in continents like Europe, 1 out of 5,000 dies due complication related to maternal. In Indonesia, close to eight million women suffer from pregnancy complications which are avoidable while as half a million ends up dying (Ali, Okud Adam, 2011). It is very disappointing to lose lives while giving birth. However, identification of the main causes of deaths will help put up control standards and come up with proper strategies to deal with the issues. It will help in a reduction of avoidable deaths during child births. Additionally, basic training is important to women infected with incurable diseases to reduce the death rate in women. Causes of maternal mortality and maternal morbidity According to Ashford (2002), maternal mortality and morbidity rates in Indonesia have the highest figures from the rest of the countries. This was amplified by the non-utilization of the maternal healthcare. This is because they were not able to receive standard World Health Organization antenatal care (ATC) visits. The figure below illustrate on the difference in mortality rates on developing countries compared to the one already developed. The main cause include: Hemorrhage- this has greatly contributed to a rise of death accompanied by excessive bleeding. It a major risk factor which is brought about by child birth. However, women bleed heavily leading to approximately 26% of women deaths as researched by World Health Organization. The excessive bleeding becomes uncontrollable especially when discovered too late. The blood is entire drained from the body making the victim so weak thus demise of a life. Infection- they are deaths caused by infection such as HIV, Heart diseases and anemia. Infected diseases such as HIV poses a great risk on the expecting mother. It is however said to claim life especially to those much affected. The same causes deterioration in health where the white blood cells are reduced to a level of not fighting other infections (Filippi et al., 2007). Moreover, in case there is anemia, not enough red blood cells are produced which in return affects the blood circulation in the body. The heart is however affected causing cardiovascular disorders. These will trigger a heart failure leading to death. This contributes to 17% as stated by World Health Organization (WHO) (Chhabra et al., 2008). Unsafe abortions- in most cases, women who conceive without their knowledge prefers to have the pregnancy terminated without following the right procedures. The process is mainly done by unqualified personnel who in return end up causing more damage to the victim. As a result, excessive bleeding and infection are experienced. The womb may be destroyed in the process thus severe implication on health in later days. These being an alternative to eliminating the pregnancy, one is exposed to health risk which may be permanent or even result to the death of the victim. Women tend to choose this option since in most developing countries, abortion is termed as illegal. They therefore find it necessary to abort without going to the health facilities (Balin, 2005). Hypertensive disorders- it is situation associated with an increase in blood pressure. When it shots beyond normal, a great risk is imposed on the mother and the unborn child. In most cases it ends up causing deaths if not handle immediately by the health experts. Obstructed labor-even with normal contraction of the uterus during labor, the baby does not get down the cervix. This may result to inadequate supply of oxygen during the child birth process. However, this may result to death of the mother due to a long strain during the process. There is also prolonged labor which results to more straining of the mother thus lacking strength to push the baby. This contributes to less oxygen being inhaled in order to speed up the delivery process. Apparently, the mother becomes unconscious whereby she may end up dead if know proper circulation of oxygenated blood in the body system (Kayem et al., 2011). The chart below clearly shows on the number of death caused by each the above factors. Personal Hindrances Contributing to Maternal Mortality and Morbidity Maternal mortality is one of the main medical healthcare challenges across the world most especially to the developing countries, i.e. Indonesia. Currently there is a disappointing increased number of maternal deaths resulting from poor health facilities. Despite the challenge, a number of countries have made a conspicuously unusual movement, whereby a quarter of the deaths records in maternal mortality takes place Sub Saharan region in Africa since no change has been initiated. There is no direct interference that will consequently help to reduce mortality (Ashford, 2002). In a group of ecologist study done by Kayem et al.,(2011), the study compared the diversities between a number of Sub-Saharan in countries using the information data taken between 1996 and 2007. The healthcare system establishes association, economic and education as independent diversities. A relationship between the maternal mortality proportions and some economic, educational and sanitary factors was confirmed or observed in the country. There was an important connection of the maternal mortality ratio with prenatal care coverage, births assisted by qualified and authorized medical practitioner (Amaral et al., 2011). The financing of medical health individually makes the cost of care an essential factor of demand. In distinction references, the payments can be considerable amount or quantity. For example, the poorest people in Sub-Saharan African countries earn low income making it impossible get good medication. It would be such a shock if such charges did not consider demand; however, the actual proof confirms that they do. Most of the developing countries find health care to be very costly (Khan et al., 2006). There is strong derived scheme that the poor are more cautious with their spending than the wealthy ones. An increase of the hospital charges favors the rich over the poor people thus access to crucial services as provided by the law. For example, the abolition of personal fee in Uganda led to a maximum utilization of the essential services by the poor. If increased charges are combined with quality improvements and the availability of health facilities, there would be a maximum utilization of essential services regardless of the status. Informal payments are the inconsiderable amount in many public health care systems (Haddad et al., 2011).Additionary,other hindrances in the maternal morbidity in Indonesia include inadequate quality care received during the antenatal care visits, wealth disparities in the country in that there are greater disparities in urban compared to rural areas because antenatal care services are high unlike in rural areas where they are of low quality due to l ack of proper infrastructure to develop them, among others. Strategies to improve maternal mortality and morbidity Different strategies can be adopted in Indonesia to help address the high cases and rates of maternal mortality and morbidity rate in the country. Some of the key strategies involves investing in qualified medical person to take care of the patient during and after the patient has given birth. Trained personnel provides the basis for assisting mothers and effectively preventing maternal mortality which is influenced by the quality of care provided in healthcare settings (Haddad et al., 2011). Additionally, the knowledge and skills gained by the healthcare providers empowers them to effectively help the patients as well as educate them on maternal mortality and the associated risk factors. Educating the people to change and making an improvement in childbirth delivery in hospitals and clinics, and this is achieved by focusing on quality maternal and child health services by delivering facilities that are equipped with emergency and obstetric and neonatal care services. The strategy is required since some of the healthcare providers lack enough knowledge and skills to identify the patients at risk (Furuta, Sandall Bick, 2012). The second key strategy that can be adopted involves improving the resource need of the hospital and clinics, which are used in the surgical emergency. In most cases pregnant women require emergency services or care in order to prevent the cases of maternal mortality which is prevalent in the Indonesia. However, the lack of resources and service facilities in healthcare settings is a key contributor to the high death rate, which creates the need to ensure the healthcare organizations have the necessary resources (Ellison, De Wet, Matshidze Cooper, 2000). The third key strategy that can be adopted to address the high cases of maternal mortality and morbidity in Indonesia, involves focusing on the healthcare providers through concession or increase payment to the doctors and nurse can motivate and give a better service. Motivation of the healthcare providers provides the basis for empowering them to deliver high quality care as well as enhance their commitment to address the patients problems in order to address the maternal mortality rate (Filippi et al, 2000). The strategy is effective since it enhances the ability of the healthcare providers to deliver quality patient-centered care as well as continually engage the patients in order to promote positive outcomes (Khan et al., 2006). Another key strategy which is critical in the developing countries involves establishing training and education programs for young girls and women on maternal mortality and the risk factors. Such programs are critical since a majority of the pregnant women in Indonesia lack the knowledge on the risk factors that influence maternal mortality. This is achieved by promoting the preventive health programs which will requires promoting a continuum of care right from adolescent and pre-pregnancy period through pregnancy, delivering up to childhood. The interventions involved should be proved, cost effective and should have a positive impact to the community and the public in general. Community should be able to manage common cases like childhood illnesses,brestfeeding,promotion and counselling, by providing supplements like the folic acid, in the preconceiving stage, maternal use of insecticide-treated bed nets; and having proper ways of limiting mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDS by providing community testing and counseling for pregnant women and the public at arge.According to Hardee, Gay Blanc (2012), there comprise of more than a half of the world population who are not educated or illiterate and more than two thirds of the worlds poorest human beings. Women being educate can lead them to have good health and can uplift the community from diseases which is a huge problem. Another key strategy involves encouraging women and young girls to formulate or join existing groups so as to have a voice to speak against neglecting and so that they can have success in policy development that promotes the chances of understanding their risk factors. Establishing laws or policies on maternal morbidity and mortality can help in reducing the risk factors such as early abortion which is a key contributor. This can be achieved by creating awareness among the young people or youth to avoid misbehaviors like unprotected intercourse, drug abuse among others. Establishing laws and effectively ensuring compliance promotes the chances of addressing the risk factors, come up with the effective measures to curb them as well as promoting the healthcare providers commitment to the health issue will help in raising up a healthy community (Calvert et al., 2012). According to Dolea Stein (2003), expanding maternal health services to different areas can also significantly help in reducing the mortality rate since a majority of the cases are influenced by poor access to the healthcare services primarily in rural settings. Based on the idea that the country is developing, the healthcare system is not well established which contributes to the high rate of death (Filippi et al., 2007). However, government support in the expansion of maternal health services can play a significant role in reducing the mortality rate as well as educating the population on the risk factors and how to avoid them. The government should work towards supporting the communities, districts and cities that have insufficient infrastructures to achieve the minimum service standards by setting standards that that will ensure regional or geographic balance through equal wealth distribution and delivery of service without favoring either side. Besides, the government can also s upport that objective by reducing the overall cost of care which also limits effective access to healthcare. A reduction of the patient fees for health care and other services such as emergency transport and mobile healthcare support can reduce maternal mortality (Kaye, Kakaire Osinde, 2011). On the other hand, empowering women to leadership and constant engagement with the community members can help spread knowledge and ideas on the risk factors as well as support policies that help reduce the mortality rate. The mothers or women and the health workers should be trained on how to prevent and treat common childhood diseases in order to curb the high level of deaths that results from common infections like diarrhea ,acute respiratory and malaria, which can be prevented.However,they require timely recognition,knowledge,treatment and by implementing standard by the public and private healthcare providers. The aspect further promotes access to quality and reliable healthcare services thus reducing the overall maternal mortality and morbidity rate. The strategy is deemed effective since it increases knowledge and understanding on the risk factors while supporting the care provided by effective policies. Additionally, a collaborative approach to healthcare provision can play a significant role in addressing the maternal mortality and morbidity rate by ensuring all the key stakeholders play a key part in improving the care provision and education to the pregnant women (Dolea Abouzahr, 2003). A collaborative approach ensures widespread commitment to reducing the high cases of mortality as well as supporting positive outcomes. Mothers should be taught on the importance of breastfeeding because from the 2007 IDHS reports indicates that infants under the age of six months were breastfed exclusively (Ministry of Health, 2008). This showed that majority of infants in Indonesia did not receive the benefits of breastmilk. Therefore, constant training and creating awareness will help in educating the mothers the importance of breastfeeding their children, among them being nutritional benefits and protection against diseases. It also helps address key issues such as resource need and educational needs. (Hardee, Gay Blanc, 2012). Conclusion Women in the developing countries tend to acquire poor treatment or none at all. However, analytical approach of the current problems will help reduce mortality rate in the rural or semi-urban areas. It is therefore important to adopt the SMI (Safe Motherhood Initiative) in the Sub-Saharan Africa since the same was implement two decade ago in the developed countries. Such initiatives have a significant role in empowering women with necessary knowledge and skills to effectively address the maternal mortality risk factors. Additionally, it plays a significant role in enhancing the government's commitment to the overall improvement of the maternal mortality as well as enhancing the quality of care. This will help prevent the invisible death during child birth. It is necessary to invest in good clinic and hospital to avoid more death from happening. A collaborative approach can also help in addressing the maternal mortality rate by ensuring all the key stakeholders are involved in suppor ting pregnant women in reducing the risk factors. At national level, the private health providers should collaborate with government and be part of making the health policies and frameworks so that the combined efforts will ensure that the services provided are of high standards .Private healthcare providers and the training facilities plays a major role in Indonesian health system and joining hands with the government health policies, information delivery systems and standards will ensure a healthy population is grown and taken care of. Regulation, inspection and the certification of private healthcare providers should comply with the government standards and information systems so that they can deliver their services and be reliable to the public at large. Heath information systems in Indonesia need to be harmonized and re-centralized in certain ways relating to the health information systems, especially those regarding processes, reports and standards so that the public can get the health information at the right time, form and a cted upon. References Ali, K, Okud, A, Adam. 2011. Maternal Near-Miss in a Rural Hospital in Sudan. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 11, pp. 1-4, https://dx.doi.org/ 10.1186/1471-2393-11-48. maral E., Souza ., Surita , Luz A, Sousa , Cecatti J, Campbell . 2011. A Population-Based Surveillance Study on Severe Acute Maternal Morbidity (Near-Miss) and Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in Campinas, Brazil, The Vigimoma Project. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 11, pp. 1-8, https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471- 2393-11-9. Ashford L., M. C. 2002. Hidden Suffering: Disabilities from Pregnancy and Childbirth in Less Developed Countries. Population Reference Bureau, MEASURE Communication. Balin R. E. 2005, Trends in Midwifery Research, Nova Publishers. Calvert C., Thomas S. L., Ronsmans C., Wagner , Adler , Filippi 2012, Identifying Regional Variation in the Prevalence of Postpartum Haemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Chhabra ., Guleria ., Saini N. K., Anjur K. T., Vaid N. B. 2008. Pattern of Severe Maternal Morbidity in a Tertiary Hospital of Delhi, India: A Pilot Study. Trop. Doct., 38, pp. 201- 204, https://dx.doi.org/10.1258/td.2007.070327. Cleland J., Harlow . 2003. The Value of the Imperfect: The Contribution of Interview Surveys to the Study of Gynaecological Ill Health Dolea C., Abouzahr . 2003. Global Burden of Obstructed Labor in the Year 2000. GDB Working Paper, World Health Organization, Geneva. Dolea C. Stein C. 2003. Global Burden of Maternal Sepsis in the Year 2000. GDB working paper, World Health Organization, Geneva. Ellison G. T., De Wet T., Matshidze K. ., Cooper P. 2000. The Reliability and Validity of Self-Reported Reproductive History and Obstetric Morbidity Amongst Birth to Ten Mothers in Soweto. Curationis, 23, pp. 76-80, https://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ curationis.v23i4.753. NE7, https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0041114. Filippi V., Ganaba R., Baggaley R. F., Marshall T., Storeng . T., Sombi I., Ouattara ., Ouedraogo , Akoum M. Meda . 2007, Health of Women After Severe Obstetric Complications in Burkina Faso: A Longitudinal Study, Lancet, 370, pp. 1'329- 1'337. Filippi V., Ronsmans C., Gandaho T., Graham W., Alihonou E., Santos P. 2000. Womens Reports of Severe (Near-Miss) Obstetric Complications in Benin, Stud. Fam. Plann., 31, pp. 309-324, https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2000.00309.x. Furuta M., Sandall J. Bick D. 2012, A Systematic Review of the Relationship Between Severe Maternal Morbidity and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 12, 125 p. Haddad, S. M., Cecatti J. G., Parpinelli M. A., Souza J. P., Costa M. L., Sousa M. H., Surita F. G., Silva J. L. P., Pacagnella R. C., Camargo R. S., Bahamondes M. V., Zotareli V., Gurgel L. T., Say L., Pattinson R. C. 2011, From Planning to Practice: Building the National Network for the Surveillance of Severe Maternal Morbidity, BMC Public Health, 11, 283 p. Hardee K., Gay Blanc. 2012. Maternal Morbidity: Neglected Dimension of Safe Motherhood in the Developing World Glob. Public Health, 7, pp. 603-617, https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2012.668919. Kaye D. K., Kakaire . Osinde . 2011. Systematic Review of the Magnitude and Case Fatality Ratio for Severe Maternal Morbidity in Sub-Saharan Africa Between 1995 and 2010. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 11, pp. 1-9, https://dx.doi.org/ 10.1186/1471-2393-11-65. Kayem, G., Kurinczuk J., Lewis G., Golightly ., Brocklehurst . Knight M. 2011. Risk Factors for Progression from Severe Maternal Morbidity to Death: A National Cohort Study, PLoS ONE 6, https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029077. 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